The Contributions of Agroforestry to Achieve Food and Livelihood Security in Ethiopian Agricultural Community: A Comprehensive Review

DOI: 10.1007/s11842-025-09588-4

Abstract

Ethiopia faces significant challenges in food security, with millions affected by recurrent droughts, land degradation, and climate change. Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes, offers substantial benefits to address these challenges and enhance food security. This sustainable practice diversifies agricultural production, providing farmers with multiple sources of income and food. Trees and shrubs improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and organic matter accumulation, leading to increased crop yields. Agroforestry systems can enhance water retention, reduce soil erosion, and contribute to more resilient farming systems in the face of climate change. The incorporation of fruit and nut trees offers direct nutritional benefits, while the provision of fodder for livestock ensures a steady supply of animal protein and dairy products. Agroforestry also supports biodiversity, promoting ecological balance and pest control, thus reducing the reliance on chemical inputs. However, challenges such as market access, land tenure issues, lack of knowledge, and population pressure hinder the widespread adoption of agroforestry. Despite these barriers, agroforestry practices create a more stable and productive agricultural environment, enhancing the livelihoods of rural communities and contributing to the broader goal of food security. Given Ethiopia’s vulnerability to climate change and recurrent droughts, agroforestry presents a viable strategy for achieving sustainable agricultural development and securing food supplies for future generations.